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In the past, MDMA, a synthetic stimulant, was originally developed in 1949 by a German pharmaceutical company as an antihistamine and appetite suppressant. However, after several deaths were linked to its use in 1973, it temporarily fell out of favor. It wasn't until 1986 that MDMA gained popularity again, particularly among club-goers in the Mediterranean region, and later, rave parties in England. A similar substance with a similar structure to MDMA is MDA (3,4-methylene-dioxy-amphetamine), which also belongs to the class of "entactogens," or drugs that induce feelings of empathy and understanding. However, MDA affects different neurotransmitter systems than MDMA, blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine like amphetamines do, but also increasing its release. In contrast, MDMA promotes the release of serotonin. Initially synthesized before MDMA, MDA was widely used initially but eventually fell out of favor due to its higher toxicity. The effects of pure MDMA are typically characterized by feelings of extreme relaxation, calmness, happiness, and confidence. Ecstasy, a common street name for MDMA, is often mixed with other substances like caffeine during the manufacturing process, making it impure and potentially leading to additional side effects or interactions. Many users combine ecstasy with other stimulants like amphetamines to stay awake and dance throughout the night. The feelings of calmness and happiness experienced under the influence of MDMA are thought to be caused by an increase in serotonin release in the brain. However, some individuals may experience depression lasting for several days after the effects have worn off. Prolonged use can lead to a significant decrease in the effectiveness of MDMA due to its limited supply of serotonin. Researchers have sought to utilize this effect in treating various mental health disorders and are currently testing it as a potential treatment for PTSD in the US military. If approved, it may be legally available by 2021. However, in South Korea, MDMA is classified as a controlled substance. The effects of MDMA typically last between 3-6 hours, but users may experience muscle tension, nausea, and dehydration as side effects. In severe cases, hyponatremia (low sodium levels), seizures, tachycardia, and hypertension can also occur. To alleviate these symptoms, benzodiazepines are often administered. Users may also chew gum or suck on a rubber pacifier to prevent muscle tension in the jaw. Other physical side effects include decreased appetite, unstable gait, and tremors. Long-term use has been linked to depression and other mental health problems similar to those associated with other soft drugs.