Ultrasonic experiments 1: Reflection and absorption

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### Ultrasonic Experiments 1: Reflection and Absorption ### I've developed a series of experiments with ultrasound waves that students in upper-level physics lessons can conduct. These experiments will be presented in random order. These experiments include: <b> 1: Reflection and Absorption of Ultrasonic Waves </b> 2: Standing Waves 3: Interference with Two Transmitters 4: The Double-Slits Experiment 5: The Effect of a Semipermeable Plate 6: The Michelson Interferometer 7: The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 8: Distance Measurement with an Arduino #### COMPONENTS #### <b> Circuit Board Mount: </b> For the circuit, I used a 5cm x 7cm board, sufficient for the ultrasonic sound generator and amplifier. I chose a standard circuit for the generator using the NE555. The electrical circuit is shown in a pdf file. The amplifier is a simple operational amplifier circuit with high input resistance (about 100 kOhm). The connected ultrasonic receiver is thus hardly attenuated. The reinforcement can be adjusted with the trimmer between about 10 and 1000. The electrical circuit I have shown in a pdf file. (I did not install the capacitor C3 myself. The signal was sufficiently smooth even without him.) The mount can be printed without support. <b> Mount for Horn: </b> This print is the mount for the transmitter horn and receiver horn. Support is not necessary. <b> Horn: </b> For this horn, I chose an angle of approximately 20 degrees. Support is not necessary. <b> Base: </b> For this part, I used the excellent work of jandetlefsen and his thing http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1412135. I could not find anything more suitable nor could I develop something better myself. Support is not necessary. You need four of them. <b> Base Much Smaller: </b> This part serves to support the two movable arms <b> Nut M3: </b> A generic nut for M3 for the 20x20 aluminum profile system <b> Mount for Reflection Plate </b> and ... <b> Rotating Mount Above </b> and ... <b> Rotating Mount Below </b> and ... <b> Angle Scale: </b> Together they form the mount system for the reflection screen and movable arms. <b> Mount for Pointer </b> and <b> Pointer for Reflection: </b> These parts are advantageous for accurate measurements. <b> Absorber: </b> For an absorption experiment #### Things You Need More #### <b> Aluminum Profiles: </b> For this experiment, I recommend two 30cm or 40cm long profiles for the arms and one 30cm long profile for the screen. <b> Screws and Nuts: </b> A lot of M3 screws for mounting on the profiles (M3 x 10mm, M3 x 16mm, and more), some M2 screws for mounting the circuit board, and some M5 screws and nuts for the bases. <b> Aluminum Plates: </b> For the reflection screen, I recommend a plate of 150mm x 150mm with a thickness of 2mm. Feel free to use different materials for absorption experiments such as a piece of carpet or a kitchen sponge ... #### Results of the Experiment #### The experiment shows that angles of incidence and angles of reflection are equal with sufficient accuracy. For absorption experiments, set the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection at, for example, 30 degrees. Then determine the change in signal level for different materials.