Türkiye (Turkey) Map and Atatürk (Father of the Turks) Sculpture

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938. His surname, Atatürk, meaning "Father of the Turks," was granted to him in 1934 and became a name restricted to him alone by the Turkish parliament. Atatürk rose through the ranks of the Ottoman Empire's military during World War I, eventually becoming a general. Following the Empire's defeat, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Establishing a provisional government in Ankara, he successfully defeated the forces sent by the Allies and secured victory in the war. Atatürk then implemented a program of reforms aimed at transforming the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nation-state. He oversaw the construction of thousands of new schools, made primary education free and compulsory, and granted women equal civil and political rights while reducing taxation on peasants. Under Atatürk's leadership, the Turkish government also carried out an extensive policy of promoting Turkish culture and identity. The principles of his reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are known as Kemalism.