The blue marble is a spherical lens
sketchfab
Take a clear glass orb, Find a flat map online, featuring a cylindrical equirectangular projection, Rotate that image by 180 degrees and view it on a full screen, Turn off the lights, play with your marble. Have fun! ( It’s truly breathtaking, I assure you. ) Sketchfab now offers refraction capabilities: You can achieve the same effect in 3D!
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