radial engine assembly

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The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central crankshaft like the spokes on a wheel. This configuration was very commonly used in large aircraft engines before most large aircraft started using turbine engines. Master rod (upright), slaves and balances from a two-row, seven-cylinder Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp In a radial engine, the pistons are connected to the crankshaft with a master-and-articulating-rod assembly. One piston, the uppermost one in the animation, has a master rod with a direct attachment to the crankshaft. The remaining pistons pin their connecting rods' attachments to rings around the edge of the master rod. Four-stroke radials always have an odd number of cylinders per row, so that a consistent every-other-piston firing order can be maintained, providing smooth operation. This is achieved by the engine taking two revolutions of the crankshaft to complete the four strokes, (intake, compression, power, exhaust), which means the firing order is 1,3,5,2,4 and back to cylinder 1 again. This means that there is always a two-piston gap between the piston on its power stroke and the next piston to fire (i.e., the piston on compression). If an even number of cylinders was used, the firing order would be something similar to 1,3,5,2,4,6, which leaves a three-piston gap between firing pistons on the first crankshaft revolution, and only a one-piston gap on the second crankshaft revolution. This leads to an uneven firing order within the engine, and is not ideal. [1] The protoype radial Zoche aero-diesels (below) have an even number of cylinders, either four or eight; but this is not problematic, because they are two-stroke engines, with twice the number of power strokes as a four-stroke engine. Most radial engines use overhead poppet valves driven by pushrods and lifters on a cam plate which is concentric with the crankshaft, with a few smaller radials, like the five-cylinder Kinner B-5, using individual camshafts within the crankcase for each cylinder. A few engines utilize sleeve valves instead, like the very reliable 14-cylinder Bristol Hercules (built up to 1970 under licence in France by SNECMA) and the powerful 18-cylinder Bristol Centaurus.