Portrait of Marcus Aurelius

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The portrait is a (probably posthumous) depiction of Marcus Aurelius, emperor from AD 161 to 180, who ruled with great distinction and wisdom. The technical mastery, particularly in the treatment of the hair and beard, showcases the so-called baroque style that was highly regarded during the second century AD. This, combined with the subject's ecstatic expression and monumental dimensions, served to transform the emperor's image, highlighting his exalted rank and remarkable character. The portrait is one of a pair with the similarly-sized bust of Lucius Verus, co-emperor from AD 161 to 169, who shared a close bond with Marcus Aurelius. Both come from a villa belonging to Lucius Verus, situated in Acqua Traversa near Rome, where they were cherished for their beauty and historical significance. The magnified, larger-than-life representation suggests that this was a posthumous portrait of the emperor, probably commissioned by his daughter Lucilla, the wife of Lucius Verus. The portrait was likely created sometime between the death of Marcus Aurelius in AD 180 and that of Lucilla in AD 183, when it would have been most meaningful to her. This portrait is exceptional for its size and state of preservation, making it a rare find among ancient Roman artifacts. It is also one of the most striking expressions of the baroque style, which was fashionable in the Roman empire during the late second century, and represented a complete break with classical tradition. The exaggerated volumes of the hair and beard, skillfully sculpted by the artist, contrast with the remarkable smoothness of the face; the two huge eyes, raised heavenward, give the emperor an ecstatic expression. Naturalistic representation seems to have been deliberately abandoned during this period, in order to promote imperial interests by emphasizing the emperor's elevated status and character.