Peltier Plate Module

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This compact gadget utilized the Seebeck and Peltier effects for voltage or temperature differences based on its use. The Seebeck effect explains how heating one end of a metal while cooling the other causes electrons to vibrate faster at the hot side, creating a potential difference. By joining two dissimilar metals at two junctions, applying temperature differences can generate current flow in a loop. Inversely, the Peltier effect creates temperature differences by passing current. Although these voltages and currents are minute, using n-type and p-type semiconductors in series with hot and cold plates results in larger voltages from majority free electrons in n-type or holes (positive charge carriers) in p-type semiconductors. In a demonstration, three such devices produced over 2 volts when one side was in boiling water while another was in ice water. The author invites comments, questions, or critiques on the model and explanation.