Nucleotides

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Functional groups are categorized into two primary classes: Nucleotides and Nucleotide Modifications. Nucleotides serve as the fundamental building blocks of DNA and RNA, comprising nitrogenous bases, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. They can be further divided into purine and pyrimidine nucleotides based on their nitrogenous base structure. Nucleotide modifications refer to chemical changes that occur within Nucleotides, which can significantly impact the overall function of DNA and RNA molecules. These modifications involve the addition or removal of functional groups from existing Nucleotides, resulting in variations in molecular weight, charge, and reactivity. The main types of nucleotide modifications include methylation, hydroxyethylation, and phosphorylation, among others. Each modification has distinct effects on gene expression, protein function, and cellular processes. Understanding these modifications is crucial for deciphering the complex mechanisms underlying various diseases and developing targeted therapies.