NASA HAVOC Crew Transfer Vehicle 3D model

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HAVOC (High Altitude Venus Operational Concept) was a mid-2010s NASA study on human missions to Venus's orbit and upper atmosphere. This Crew Transfer Vehicle would be used for the interplanetary transit portions of the mission, between Earth and Venus' orbits. Astronauts would launch aboard an Orion capsule and transfer to the CTV in medium Earth orbit. Earth departure would use two chemical propulsion stages (likely modified Exploration Upper Stages). The CTV would then aerocapture into Venusian orbit, where the crew would transfer to another aeroshell containing an airship and return-to-orbit rocket. For Earth return, the CTV would perform trans-Earth injection under its own power, and aerocapture back into Earth orbit