Napoleon Bonaparte

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Demonstrating an astonishing aptitude as a pupil of Johannes Weldt, acquaintance of the neoclassical theorist Winckelmann, Thorvaldsen earned the gold medal at the Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in 1793. Two years later he was granted a scholarship to Italy and journeyed to Rome in early 1797. His statue Jason with the Golden Fleece of 1803 firmly established him in direct competition with Antonio Canova, whose subject matter he emulated while working in a more severe, simplified style. Following Canova's death in 1822, Thorvaldsen became Italy's leading neoclassical sculptor and for the following two decades his studio was occupied with major international commissions. Portrait busts in the antique style were an important area of production that boosted his growing reputation and linked with his personal interest in antiquities, of which he had a substantial collection. His remarkable posthumous bust of Napoleon I is an allegory of Bonaparte as Emperor, crowned with a laurel wreath in the manner of antique portrayals of Roman leaders. The classically idealized torso is supported on the back of an eagle, a bird associated in many cultures with the gods of power and war. A globe positioned beneath the torso refers to Napoleon's worldly conquests. Monumental, with a severe expression and forceful intensity, the work is a compelling statement of ambition, ego, and power. Until recently it was believed to have come from the collection of the Empress Eugénie, wife of Napoleon III. However, this has now been discounted, as the plinth has a ledge on which the eagle stands, whereas the Hamilton Palace version does not.