Microchip Low-poly 3D model

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Integrated circuits, also known as microcircuits or chips, are microelectronic devices made on a semiconductor substrate and enclosed in a non-separable case. Most chips are manufactured for surface mounting. The term integrated circuit (IC) often refers to the crystal or film with an electronic circuit, while microcircuit (MS) denotes ICs enclosed in a case. Chip components refer to components designed for surface mounting. The concept of using standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor crystal was first introduced by British radio technician Jeffrey Dummer in 1952, but it couldn't be implemented due to insufficient technology development at that time. A breakthrough occurred in 1958 when Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the principle of unification and created the first imperfect prototypes of ICs. Kurt Lehovec from Sprague Electric Company invented a method for electrical insulation of components formed on a single semiconductor chip, while Robert Noyce from Fairchild Semiconductor offered electrical connections for the components of an IC using metallic aluminum and improved components based on Jean Hoorny's latest planar technology. In 1960, the Jay Last group at Fairchild Semiconductor created the first workable semiconductor IC based on Kilby's idea and Noyce's connections. The patent war between Texas Instruments and its competitors was resolved in 1966. Early logical ICs used standard sizes and configurations of components, but this changed in 1962 when Sylvania lead developer Tom Longo started using various transistors depending on their functions in the circuit. This led to the development of Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL), the first type of integrated logic that gained market dominance. The first domestic microcircuit was created in 1961 at the Institute of Informatization and Technical Information under the leadership of L.N. Kolesov. The first hybrid thick-film integrated microcircuit in the USSR, series 201 "Path," was developed between 1963 and 1965 at the Research Institute of Precise Technology and went into mass production. The first semiconductor integrated circuit in the USSR was created using planar technologies developed in the early 1960s, leading to the development of military integrated silicon circuits like the TS-100. These circuits were produced at the Fryazinsky Semiconductor Plant starting in 1967. Another significant achievement in Soviet microelectronics was the development of diode-transistor logic chips by the Central Design Bureau at the Voronezh Plant of Semiconductor Devices, completed ahead of schedule in 1965.