Mars Ultore

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The magnificent marble sculpture of Mars Ultore has been unearthed in Cumae, offering a glimpse into ancient Rome's reverence for its gods. Augustus founded the cult of "Mars the Avenger" to commemorate two pivotal moments: his triumph over Caesar's assassins at Philippi in 42 BC and the recovery of Roman battle standards seized by the Parthians at Carrhae in 53 BC. The god is depicted wearing a cuirass, helmet, and standing proudly in a martial stance, leaning on a lance held firmly in his right hand. His left hand grasps a shield, symbolizing strength and protection. In honor of Mars Ultor, Augustus established the Temple of Mars Ultor in the heart of the Forum of Augustus, which became a revered site for rituals and sacrifices. The temple was dedicated in 2 BC and served as the point of departure for magistrates embarking on military campaigns abroad. The Senate was required to convene at the temple when deliberating matters related to war and peace. Additionally, the temple played a significant role in the rite of passage for young men assuming the toga virilis around age 14, marking their transition into manhood. On various Imperial holidays, Mars Ultor received the first sacrifice, followed by the Genius of the emperor. An inscription from the 2nd century AD records a vow to offer Mars Ultor a majestic bull with gilded horns as a symbol of reverence and gratitude.