Lucerna romana “firmalamp” (sécs. I-II d.C.)

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This type of candle became popular in the early 70s AD, under Emperor Flavius Vespasiano's rule. The vast market in distant northern provinces demanded industrial goods manufactured in Italian workshops. Transporting candles with relief decorations was a major challenge; hence the need for new and simpler candles that could be mass-produced at consumption sites. Mass production simplification resulted in "firmalampen" (candles with manufacturer's mark): simple decoration and more practical candle. Practically every part of the candle has a functional role, and its external appearance is well-proportioned and attractive: the high rim, which opens towards the spout, directs oil that spills onto the surface of the disc and spout through the feeding orifice. This example features Eros' bust in relief on the disc.