Funerary Stone of The Gladiator Diodoros at the Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongoren, Belgium

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The epitaph carved into the base of this high relief reads as follows: “Here I lie victorious, Diodorus the wretched. After breaking my opponent Demetrius, I did not kill him immediately. But murderous Fate and the cunning treachery of the summa rudis killed me...” This translation has puzzled many historians for years. For modern athletes, nothing is more infuriating than a referee’s blown call. It can cost the player a touchdown or a home run, but in the case of ancient Roman gladiator Diodorus, it cost him his life. Although Diodorus had indeed beaten his opponent Demetrius and taken his sword—the moment depicted on this marble tombstone—the referee intervened, allowing Demetrius to get up and keep fighting, a decision that led to Diodorus’ demise. But was the referee, an official in the arena with the gladiators known as the summa rudis (“chief stick”), within his rights to make this call? Despite their great popularity in the Roman world, surprisingly little is known about the rules of gladiatorial contests. By focusing on the scene and the epitaph together, Roman historian Michael Carter of Brock University thinks he has found rare evidence that there were indeed rules that governed the combatants, including the right of the gladiator to submit before he was seriously harmed. The epitaph also makes it clear that the summa rudis was able to intervene in order to interpret the rules. Carter believes that understanding how the contests actually operated is key to understanding how spectators experienced this central social activity. “If this were simply murder on display,” says Carter, “that’s one thing. But since it seems to have been a spectacle of professional gladiators fighting according to established rules and procedures, then that is something quite different.” This object is part of "Scan The World". Scan the World is a non-profit initiative introduced by MyMiniFactory, through which we are creating a digital archive of fully 3D printable sculptures, artworks and landmarks from across the globe for the public to access for free. Scan the World is an open source, community effort, if you have interesting items around you and would like to contribute, email stw@myminifactory.com to find out how you can help. Scanned: Photogrammetry (Processed using Agisoft PhotoScan)