File: Tyrannosaurus Trophy Animals in digital format

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Tyrannosaurus, commonly known as Tyrannosaurus, is an extinct genus of theropod dinosaurs belonging to the family Tyrannosauridae that lived during the upper Maastrichtian, the last stage of the Cretaceous system, about 68 to 66 million years ago in what is now North America. Tyrannosaurus rex, whose etymology of the name means "king of the tyrant lizards", is one of the most famous species of dinosaurs and the only species of Tyrannosaurus if the taxon Tarbosaurus bataar is not considered part of the same genus. Tyrannosaurus was one of the last non-avian dinosaurs to live until extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary 66 million years ago. Like other members of the Tyrannosauridae clade, Tyrannosaurus was a bipedal carnivore with a massive skull balanced by a long powerful tail. Compared to its large hind limbs, the arms of Tyrannosaurus were small and atrophied and bore only two clawed fingers. Although other theropods rivaled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus in size, it is the largest known Tyrannosauridae and one of the largest land carnivores to have existed on the planet, with a length of over 13.2 meters, 4 meters at hip height and a weight of up to 8 tons (for the heaviest specimens). By far the largest carnivore of its time, T. rex may have been a superpredator at the top of the food chain, hunting large herbivores such as Hadrosauridae and Ceratopsidae in particular, although some experts suggest that it was primarily a scavenger. About 50 fossil specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex have been identified, less than half of which are nearly complete. One laboratory was able to demineralize soft tissue and protein remains from a sample of at least one of these specimens. This abundance of material has allowed many advances in many aspects of the history and biology of this species. If some points are consensual, others remain controversial, such as its feeding habits, its physiology or its top speed. Its relationship with the genus Tarbosaurus is subject to debate: if the majority of specialists consider T. rex as the only species of the genus Tyrannosaurus (which would validate the taxon Tarbosaurus bataar, which was found in Asia and whose anatomy is almost identical), some researchers consider that the Asian specimens identified as Tarbosaurus bataar actually belong to the genus Tyrannosaurus (which would make the two genera synonymous and mean that the Asian species should be named Tyrannosaurus bataar). The synonymy of several other genera has already been established, such as Manospondylus or Dynamosaurus, whose specimens are all nowadays considered to belong to the genus Tyrannosaurus.