ESA CSTS Spacecraft 3D model

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The Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) was a joint ESA-Roscosmos program for a next-generation crewed spacecraft in the mid-late 2000s. Several iterations of the design were proposed, but the most likely form featured a Service Module and Orbital Module derived from existing components of ESA's Automated Transfer Vehicle, coupled with a Reentry Module scaled up from the Soyuz DM. CSTS was pitched as the next major European contribution to the International Space Station program. Lunar orbital missions were also contemplated, likely using multiple launches of an upgraded Ariane 5.