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The Brinell hardness scale is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science. Proposed by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell in 1900, it was the first standardized and widely used test for hardness in engineering and metallurgy. The size of indentation and possible damage to the test piece limits its usefulness. A typical test uses a steel ball 10 millimeters (0.39 inches) in diameter with a force of 3,000 kgf (29.42 kN; 6,614 lbf). For softer materials, less force is used; for harder materials, a tungsten carbide steel ball replaces the steel ball. The resulting impression is measured with a microscope or Brinell optical system specifically designed in at least two diameters, usually at right angles to each other and these results are averaged (d). In most cases, a graph is used to convert the measurement of the average diameter to a Brinell hardness number.