Bust of Pope Benedict XIV

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Philip II of Spain, known as "the Prudent," ruled Spain from 1556 until his death in 1598. He became King of Portugal in 1581 and held that title until 1598, while also reigning over Naples and Sicily since 1554. Philip's marriage to Queen Mary I gave him claim to the thrones of England and Ireland during their union, which lasted from 1554 to 1558.