Anatomical Model_Foot

myminifactory

The human foot is a robust mechanical structure comprising 26 bones, 33 joints, and over 100 muscles, tendons, and ligaments that work together in perfect harmony. The joints of the foot are strategically located at the ankle and subtalar joint, as well as the interphalangeal articulations, which enable smooth movement and flexibility. A thorough anthropometric study involving 1197 North American adult Caucasian males aged 35.5 years on average revealed that a man's foot length measures 26.3 cm with a standard deviation of 1.2 cm. The human foot can be categorized into three distinct sections: the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. The hindfoot is comprised of the talus bone, also known as the ankle bone, and the calcaneus bone, or heel bone. These two bones are connected to the tibia and fibula, the long bones of the lower leg, which form the ankle joint. The subtalar joint connects the talus to the calcaneus, while a layer of fat cushions the calcaneus from impact. The midfoot is composed of five irregularly shaped bones: the cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones. These bones work together to form the arches of the foot, which serve as a vital shock absorber. The midfoot is connected to the hind- and fore-foot through muscles and the plantar fascia. The forefoot is comprised of five toes and their corresponding proximal long bones that make up the metatarsus. Similar to the fingers on the hand, the bones in each toe are called phalanges. The big toe has two phalanges, while the other four toes have three phalanges each. The joints between the phalanges are referred to as interphalangeal, and those between the metatarsus and phalanges are known as metatarsophalangeal (MTP). Both the midfoot and forefoot constitute the dorsum, which is the area of the foot that faces upwards when standing. The planum, on the other hand, is the area that faces downwards while standing. The instep is the arched portion of the foot between the toes and the ankle.