A sensing system

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The text discusses the necessity of two sensors in measuring liquid level and flow rate. The tube gauge directly reads liquid level, while the flow rate gauge measures consumption. However, each sensor has its disadvantages, which is why both are required. A solution to improve accuracy is to use a linear Kalman filter to fuse data from both sensors. The tube gauge capacitance can be converted into rectangular pulses using a 555 timer in monostable multivibrator mode. The flow rate gauge outputs rectangular pulses with fixed width, which requires counting pulse width and total pulses respectively. Finally, a calibration procedure is needed to establish the relationship between raw data and actual liquid level, using least squares technique. The sensing system requires knowledge in mechanical design, control systems, and electronics, raising the question of whether it can be handled by a single designer.