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Here is a detailed sketch of a firewall penetration test that involves hands-on hacking of network firewalls and related security systems. This type of penetration testing will require an engineer to be familiar with various operating system commands, as well as the internal workings of network protocols. The goal of this exercise is to simulate a real-world penetration scenario by attempting to breach the security features of a firewall, and then to document the steps taken to achieve this goal. The test will involve using various tools and techniques to evade detection by the firewall's intrusion detection system (IDS). To begin with, an engineer must first gain access to the target network. This can be achieved through social engineering tactics such as phishing or pretexting, or by exploiting vulnerabilities in the network's security protocols. Once inside, the engineer will attempt to identify potential entry points into the network, such as open ports or unpatched software. Next, the engineer will use various hacking tools to scan for vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the firewall's configuration. This may involve using Nmap to scan for open ports, Nessus to identify known vulnerabilities, and Metasploit to exploit these vulnerabilities and gain access to the network. Once a vulnerability has been identified, the engineer will attempt to exploit it by using various hacking techniques such as buffer overflows, SQL injection attacks, or cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. The goal is to gain root access to the network and to document each step of the process. The test will also involve evading detection by the IDS system, which can be achieved through various tactics such as spoofing IP addresses, using encrypted communication protocols, or exploiting vulnerabilities in the IDS software itself. Throughout the exercise, the engineer must maintain detailed notes on each step taken, including any commands used, output from tools, and screenshots of key screens. This will provide a clear and concise record of the penetration test, which can be used to identify areas for improvement in the network's security configuration.