2nd Cervical Vertebra (Axis)

sketchfab

In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is known as the axis or epistropheus - its Latin origin rooted in "axle." Through the atlanto-axial joint, it creates a pivot point allowing the first cervical vertebra (atlas), which holds the head, to rotate smoothly. One defining characteristic of this bone stands out: the robust odontoid process called dens, protruding perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body. This distinctive feature earns the vertebra its less common name, vertebra dentata. In rare judicial hangings, the odontoid process can snap and strike the medulla oblongata, resulting in fatal consequences.